Selasa, 10 April 2012
Skill 10 : adjective clause
In Skill
10 we will see that in some cases an adjective
clause connector is not just a connector; an adjective clause connector can
also be the subject of the clause at the same time.
In the first example, there are two
clauses: we is the subject of the verb are looking, and that is the subject of the
verb is. These two clauses are joined with the connector that. Notice that in
this example the word that serves two functions at the same time: it is the
subject of the verb is, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses. The
adjective clause that is quite expensive describes the noun house.
In the second example, there are
also two clauses: house is the subject of the verb seems, and that is the
subject of the verb is. In this example, that also serves two functions: it is
the subject of the verb is, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses.
Because that is quite expensive is an adjective clause describing the noun
house, it directly follows house.
The following example shows how
these sentence patterns could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
______ just dropped off a package for you is my sister.
(A) The woman
(B) The woman who
(C) Because the woman
(D) With the woman
In this example, you should notice immediately
that the sentence has two verbs, dropped and is, and each of them needs a
subject. The only answer that has two subjects is answer (B), so answer (B) is
the correct answer. The correct sentence should say: The woman who just dropped
off a package for you is my sister. In this sentence woman is the subject of
the verb is, and who is the subject of the verb dropped. Who is also the
connector that joins the two clauses?
Each of the following sentences
contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice.
Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).
1. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick. (C)
Analysis:
First Clause : The children did not get sick (correct)
Second Clause : that were vaccinated (correct)
THAT functions as CONNECTOR and SUBJECT, too. Verb is WERE.
2. I did not vote for the politician who he just won the election. (I)
Analysis:
First Clause : I did not vote the politician. (Correct)
Second Clause : Who he just won the election (Incorrect)
It should be "Who just won the election". There are double subject: WHO and HE.
WHO functions as CONNECTOR and SUBJECT. WON is Verb. So, remove HE.
3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor. (I)
Analysis:
First Clause : The dog belongs to my neighbor (correct)
Second Clause : that barking (incorrect).
THAT functions as CONNECTOR and SUBJECT. But IS is missing
The second sentence should be "that is barking".
4. I took two of the blue pills, which were very effective. (C)
Analysis :
First Clause : I took two of the blue pills. (correct)
Second Clause : which were very effective (correct)
Which functions as CONNECTOR ans SUBJECT, too.
5. We rented an apartment from the landlord who does he own the buildings on Maple Street. (I)
Analysis :
First Clause : We rented an apartment from the Landlord. (correct)
Second Clause : Who does he own the building on Maple Street. (incorrect)
Who functions as Connector and Subject.
Own is VERB.
Does and HE should be removed.
The correct sentence is Who owns the building on Maple Street.
Source : http://www.toeflskill.com/
Skill 8 : Noun Clause
connector/subject
In Skill
8 we will see that in some cases a noun
clause connector is not just a connector; a noun clause connector
can also be the subject of the clause at the same time. Study the clauses and connectors in the
following sentences.
I know what happened yesterday
NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB
We are thinking about what
happened yesterday.
NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
In the first example, there are two
clauses: I know and what happened yesterday. These two clauses
are joined by the connector what. It is important to understand that in this sentence the word
what serves two functions. It is both the subject of the verb happened and the
connector that joins the two clauses.
In the second example, there are two
clauses. In the first clause we is the subject of are thinking. In the second
clause what is the subject of happened. What also serves as the connector that
joins the two clauses. The noun clause what happened yesterday functions as the
object of the preposition about.
The following example shows how this
sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
The company was prepared for ________ happened with the economy.
(A) it
(B) the problem
(C) what
(D) when
EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains more than one
clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors.
Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. The teacher heard who answered the question. (C)
Analysis:
Who answered the question is a noun clause connector, and the sentence is correct.
2. I do not understand it went wrong. (I)
Analysis:
it went wrong is a noun clause connector/subject. But, the sentence is incorrect.
It should be what went wrong
3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best. (C)
Analysis:
Which is the best is a noun clause connector/subject. The sentence is correct.
4. She did not remember who in her class. (I)
Analysis:
Who in her class is a noun clause connector, but the sentence is incorrect.
It should be Who is in her class.
5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building. (I)
Analysis:
What did it happen in front of the building is a noun clause connector, but the sentence is incorrect.
It should be what happened in front of the building.
Source : http://www.toeflskill.com/
Skill 6 :
Adverb Clause Connector
Sentences with adverb clauses have
two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and connectors in the
following sentences:
He is tired because he has
been working so hard.
Because he has been working so hard, he is tired.
In each of these examples, there are
two clauses: he is tired and he has been working so hard.
The clause he has been working so hard is an adverb clause that is introduced with the connector because. In
the first example, the connector because comes in the middle of the sentence,
and no comma (,) is used. In the second example, the connector because comes at
the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the
beginning of the sentence, a comma (,) is required in the middle of the
sentence.
The following example shows how this
sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
_____ arrived at the library, he started to work immediately.
(A) The student
(B) When
(C) He
(D) After the student
In this example, you should
recognize easily that the verb arrived needs a subject. There is also another
clause, he started to work immediately. If you choose answer (A) or answer (C),
you will have a subject for the verb arrived, but you will not have a connector
to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join two clauses,
answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no
subject for the verb arrived. Answer (D) is the best answer because
there is a subject, student, for the verb, arrived, and there is a connector,
after, to join the two clauses.
EXERCISE 6: Each of the following sentences contains more than one
clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors.
Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. After the plane circled the airport, it landed on the main runway. (C)
Analysis:
Both clauses have subject and verb.
The connector "when" is correct, too.
2. The registration process took many hours since the lines so long. (I)
Analysis:
The second clause has no verb. It should be the lines were so long.
The connector "since" is correct.
3. This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects. (I)
Analysis:
Both clauses are correct but there is no connector.
4. The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town. (C)
Analysis:
Both clauses and connector are correct.
5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not. (I)
Analysis:
Second clause has no subject. It should be it is on sale or not
Connector "whether" is correct
Source : http://www.toeflskill.com/
Skill
4 : Past Participles
Past participles can cause confusion in the Structure
section of the TOEFL test because a
past participle can be either an adjective or a part of the verb.
The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. It often ends in
-ed, but there are also many irregular past participles in English.
The mailman has left a letter
in the mailbox. (Left is VERB)
The classes were taught by
Professor Smith. (Taught is VERB)
In the first sentence, the past participle left is
part of the verb because it is accompanied by has. In the second sentence, the
past participle taught is part of the verb because it is accompanied by were.
A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of be or have.
The letter left in the
mailbox was for me. (Left is ADJECTIVE)
The classes taught by
Professor Smith were very interesting. (Taught is ADJECTIVE)
In the first sentence, left is an adjective rather than a
verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a
verb, was, later in the sentence). In the second sentence, taught is an
adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or
have (and there is a verb, were, later in the sentence).
The following example shows how a past participle can be confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
The bread _____ baked this morning smelled delicious.
(A) has
(B) was
(C) it
(D) just
The following example shows how a past participle can be confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
The bread _____ baked this morning smelled delicious.
(A) has
(B) was
(C) it
(D) just
In this example, if you look only at
the first few words of the sentence, it appears that bread is the subject and
baked is either a complete verb or a
past participle that needs a helping verb. But if you look further in the
sentence, you will see the verb smelled. You will then recognize that baked is
a participial adjective and is therefore not part of the verb. Answers (A) and
(B) are incorrect because baked is an adjective and does not need a helping
verb such as has or was. Answer (C) is incorrect because there is no need for
the subject it. Answer (D) is the best answer to this question.
EXERCISE 4: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past
participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the past
participles, and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the
sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious. (Incorrect)
Analysis:
The sentence should be "The food served in this restaurant is delicious".
is served is incorrect, it should be served (past participle as an Adjective).
Subject is The food and Verb is IS
2. The plane landed on the deserted runway. (Correct)
Analysis:
Subject is The place and Verb is landed
Deserted is past participle as an adjective
3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime. (Correct)
Analysis:
Subject is unexpected guests and Verb is arrived
Unexpected is past participle as an adjective
4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses. (Incorrect)
Analysis:
The sentence should be The course listed in the dialogue are required courses.
Subject is The course and Verb is are required.
are listed is inccorect, but it should be listed (be past participle as an adjective)
5. The teacher found the lost exam. (Correct)
Analysis:
Subject is The teacher and Verb is found
Lost is past participle as an adjective
Source : http://www.toeflskill.com/
Skill 2 : Object of a preposition
An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition such
as in, at, of to, by, behind, and on to form a prepositional phrase.
The trip (to the island) (on
Saturday) will last (for three hours)
This sentence contains three objects
of prepositions. Island is the object of the preposition to; Saturday is the object
of the preposition on; hours is the object of the preposition for.
An
object of a preposition can cause
confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken
for the subject of a sentence.
Example
To Mike ____ was a big surprise.
(A) really
(B) the party
(C) funny
(D) when
In this example, you should look
first for the subject and the verb. You should notice the verb was and should
also notice that there is no subject. Do not think that Mike is the subject;
Mike is the object of the preposition to, and one noun cannot be both a subject
and an object at the same time. Because a subject is needed in this sentence, answer (B),
the party, is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct because they cannot be subjects.
Now, Let's do and analyze the exercise below:
EXERCISE
2: Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional phrases.
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the prepositional phrases that come
before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect
(I).
1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack. (C)
Analysis:
Subject is The name of baby and Verb is IS. So, it is correct
The Crib is only object of preposition
2. By the next meeting of the class need to turn in the papers.( I)
Analysis:
Verb is need but there is no Subject. So, it is Incorrect
The next meeting of the class is NOT subject, it is object of preposition
3. The directions to the exercise on page 20 unclear.
Analysis:
Subject is The directions but there is no Verb. So, it is incorrect.
The exercise is not subject, it is object of preposition.
4. Because of the heavy rain throughout the night, the walkways are muddy.
Analysis:
Subject is the walkways and Verb is Are. So, it is correct.
The heavy rain throughout the night is only object of preposition.
5. During the week eat lunch in the school cafeteria.
Analysis:
Verb is eat but there is no Subject. So, it is incorrect
The week is not Subject, it is object of preposition
Source : http://www.toeflskill.com/
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